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Supreme National Tribunal
The Supreme National Tribunal ((ポーランド語:Najwyższy Trybunał Narodowy, NTN)) was a war crime tribunal active in Poland from 1946 to 1948. The Tribunal aims and purpose were defined by the State National Council in the Decrees of 22 January and 17 October 1946 and 11 April 1947. The new law was based on the earlier Decree of 31 August 1944 issued by the new Polish pro-Soviet government, with jurisdiction over ''fascist-hitlerite criminals and traitors to the Polish nation''.〔United Nations War Crimes Commission, ''Law reports of trials of war criminals: United Nations War Crimes Commission'', Wm. S. Hein Publishing, 1997, ISBN 1-57588-403-8, (Google Print, p.18 )〕 The tribunal presided over seven high-profile cases (of 49 individuals total).〔 (Najwyższy Trybunał Narodowy ), WIEM Encyklopedia, Accessed on 22 September 2008〕
==Background==
Nazi Germany occupied Poland in 1939 and carried out many atrocities. The 1943 Moscow Declaration stated that Germans judged guilty of war crimes would be sent back to the countries where they had committed their crimes and ''"judged on the spot by the peoples whom they have outraged".'' Poland, which suffered heavily due to Nazi atrocities, identified over 12,000 criminals it requested to be extradited; eventually about 2,000 German criminals were extradited to Poland (from 1945 onwards, most before 1949).〔Janusz Gumkowski, Tadeusz Kołakowski, ''Zbrodniarze hitlerowscy przed Najwyższym Trybunałem Narodowym'', Wydawnictwo Prawnicze, Warszawa, 1965, Introduction to (''przedmowa'')〕
The Polish Underground State had its own Special Courts in occupied Poland, which tried and passed sentences on some German war criminals. Polish communist authorities (of the Polish Committee of National Liberation, PKWN) who did not recognize the Underground State (and in some cases actively persecuted people connected with it) established its own alternative structure, which with the victory of the communist authorities over the Underground State became dominant in post-war Poland. PKWN authorities authorized the establishment of the Special Criminal Courts on 12 September 1944 to try German war criminals. On 22 January 1946, the single-instance Supreme National Tribunal was formed, with a mission to try the main perpetrators of crimes committed by the Third Reich in the occupied Polish territories.〔 / Andrzej Rzepliński, ''(Prosecution of Nazi Crimes in Poland in 1939-2004 )'' (Ściganie zbrodni nazistowskich w Polsce w latach 1939-2004 ), Institute of National Remembrance〕
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